Beauty The Media Profits by Making Girls Hate Themselves...

Beauty is a cruel mistress. Every day, Americans are bombarded by images of flawless women with perfect hair and smooth skin, tiny waists and generous busts. They are presented to us draped in designer clothing, looking sultry or perky or anywhere in between. And although the picture itself is alluring, the reality behind the visage is much more sinister. They are representations of beauty ideals, sirens that silently screech â€Å"this is what a woman is supposed to look like!† Through means of media distribution and physical alteration, technology has created unrealistic beauty ideals, resulting in distorted female body images. Female beauty ideals are an overwhelming force in teen media. Approximately 37% of articles†¦show more content†¦Advertisements are a powerful medium through which beauty ideals are impressed on us. Although often dismissed as filler material, advertisements are planned and purposeful tools that allow content. In 1999, $180 billion wer e spent on advertising, money that greased the wheel, drawing consumers to products while paying content providers. At that time, the average American intake of advertisements was estimated at 3,000 ads per day. Prominent image advertising expert Jean Kilbourne has pointed out that, more than telling us what we should buy, â€Å"To a great extent advertising tells us who we are and who we should be.† Who are we? Not perfect. Who should we be? That supermodel, there. The kicker is that many of the images women aspire to are not achievable through any natural means. A portion of the $180 billion paid graphic artists to digitally edit out imperfections and reshape even the most desirable women to make them more appealing to the eye. The strain to transform is especially prominent in female advertising ideals. According to the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), â€Å"fashion models weigh 23 percent less than the average female, although these representat ions are perceived to be normal.† This is less of a passive suggestion for women to be thin when one gives credence to women’s magazines having â€Å"10.5 times more advertisements and articles promoting weight loss than mens magazines.†Show MoreRelatedEssay On Social Media1035 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media. It s a disease we all love, no treatment has ever been established for its cure. It s killing us. Sadly, it s gained astounding worldwide growth and popularity from many nations globally. It s capturing today s youth rapidly between its claws, making our lives depend on it. 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Effects Of The Great Depression On America s Economy

The Great Depression was one of the most disastrous events that negatively impacted America’s economy, and was triggered by the crash of the stock market. One long term cause of the Great Depression would be the Dust Bowl. The Dust Bowl caused the prices of many foods to decrease in price rapidly, and farmers had to give up their jobs due to the dust storm. This was one of the causes of the Great Depression because it made farmers unemployed and deprived of money. Another cause would be the banks because no one trusted the banks and did not lend them any money. Since people did not loan money to the bank, the banks in turn was not able to loan others money when they were in need of direct relief, causing many to become unable to support themselves. Herbert Hoover was elected in 1928, beating Al Smith in the election. Three things he believed in was that the economy had natural cycles, how he believed in a theory of rugged individualism, and had a wait and see approach. 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The Outbreak of the HIV Virus Free Essays

Who would have ever thought that a disease, possibly brought to America by infected African monkeys, would affect the country forever? This is exactly what happened in the late nineteenth century when the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was introduced to America. The unpredictable epidemic caused a huge outrage for years to come. The outbreak of the HIV virus, AIDS, in the early 1980†³s resulted in medical research, public misconceptions, and ultimately growing awareness. We will write a custom essay sample on The Outbreak of the HIV Virus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Appearing first only in homosexual men, AIDS was an unfamiliar virus to the entire United States. Reports of unknown and unexplainable symptoms caused much confusion among patients and even doctors. In 1981, the first reports explained that 41 homosexual men in the San Fransisco area had â€Å"†¦ a rare and often rapidly fatal form of cancer† (Altman n. p. ). After years of researching these cases and millions of others appearing later in the decade, scientists discovered that it was not cancer they were dealing with. They called it HIV (Human Immune Virus) which leads to AIDS (Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome) that â€Å"†¦ rogressively destroys the body†s ability to fight infections and certain cancers† (ARIC n. p. ). With minimal research there was nothing to initially â€Å"combat† the virus; but, thanks to time and funding, there were some drugs that seemed to help stop the spread of the virus in ones body. These anti-retroviral drugs still don’t constitute as cures ! for the virus, but have definitely helped and continue to help patients live longer (ARIC n. p. ). Since a vaccine to â€Å"†¦ evoke an immune system response that will prevent infection or disease development† still has not been found, other treatments have been tested. Accupuncture, stress management, hypnosis, exercise, good nutrition, and an overall positive attitude all seem to alleviate symptoms even if they are not proven cures of the virus (Packer 78-88). Although AIDS is a life threatening disease, there were many people living with it by keeping healthy and staying safe. Scott Fried had not tried any of the aniviral drugs; however, practices such as taking 80 herbs and vitamins a day, staying physically fit, visiting the doctor every three months, and being happy have kept him alive with the virus for thirteen years (Fried speach). Most victims have not lived as long as he which is why AIDS has lead to some extensive research. Investigators supported by private and public funds continued to search for a cure or even an explanation of HIV/AIDS for two decades because like the â€Å"b! lack plague†, AIDS has killed off millions of people in a short time. Also like the black plague did, AIDS carried with it a long string of misconceptions. In the Middle Ages anyone carrying the â€Å"black plague† was to be avoided. Similarly, the public would often avoid people with AIDS. There were fabrications that AIDS could be caught by another human being from sneezing, coughing, hugging, kissing or even any â€Å"casual contact† ; so, people stayed away from those who were infected by AIDS. Another lie was that AIDS was caused by something magical or mystical (Taylor 23-24). Though some were overly careful of â€Å"catching† the virus, others were not careful enough. Since the initial outbreak was among gay men it was simply assumed that only gay men could be affected. Then reports of IV drug users having the disease still seemed to eliminate the chance of the common person being infected. Next, hemophiliacs and people who had had blood transfusions were reported followed by blacks, Hispanics, lesbians, straight women and finally white, heterosexual, males. Still everyone said â€Å"It can†t happen to me,† until it did (Fried speech). This assumption that AIDS only affected few amounts of people and only minorities was the basis of all misconceptions about that virus. People did not believe the virus could have any impact on their lives; but, it did impact everyones lives directly and or indirectly. Now that â€Å"AIDS is the second leading cause of death in the United States among people aged 25 to 44†³ (ARIC n. p. ), the misconceptions have been proven to be false. Although it was statistically correct that 66% of people infected by AIDS were homosexual males, 24% were IV drug users, and only 4% were heterosexual males or females (Packer 17) it was still a fact that AIDS can affect anyone. After years of research and statistical reports there were finally people relaying these messages to the public. Motivational speakers, like Scott Fried, continue to reach out to teens and adults about AIDS and sex. Information about these subjects can also be found easily, not only at hospitals or doctors† offices; but in books, magazines, pamphlets, and even on the internet. Conducting a simple search on http://www. yahoo. com came up with 164 â€Å"category matches,† 1,206 â€Å"web site matches,† and 237,000 web page matches. This means that HIV/AIDS appears at least 238,370 times on th! e world wide web and it shows that AIDS in an important component of modern life. Not only are people becoming aware of the AIDS epidemic, but they are becoming aware of sexuality through learning about AIDS. Before the outbreak of this fatal virus sex was only spoken about discretely. Now even kids are being made aware of the dangers of sex and spreading HIV. In this way HIV/AIDS had a positive affect on the country. People are aware of the facts and probably make better decisions. Some experts have said that AIDS will remain the way it is now and others predict it growing into a â€Å"huge epidemic† (Taylor 28). Hopefully due to this expansion of knowledge and recognition, he AIDS virus will not spread as quickly and infect as many people as it has in the past. HIV positive, homosexual, male, Scott Fried, said, â€Å"Ironically one of the blessings that HIV/AIDS has brought me is the abundance of love. . . † and perhaps that is true. Pertaining to the eighties and the early onset of the virus, AIDS caused much more commotion than love. However, every cloud has a silver lining and the hysteria has finally cleared up some myths. It has opened up the public to not only HIV/AIDS awareness, but sexual cognizance as well. How to cite The Outbreak of the HIV Virus, Essay examples

Merits and Demerits of Dictatorship free essay sample

Stability of government the government will stay the same. In times of political warfare and inner party turmoil and war this may become a relief to finally have a stable government, 2. The dictator may be a Benevolent Dictator meaning that the dictator actually acts out in the best interests of the people. Advantages of Dictatorship Government Dictatorship can be defined as a form of government in which the power is centralized. It either lies with a single person or a small group of people. The general population has no say in the functioning of the government. The people do not have any choice with regards to by whom or how their country will be run. In a dictatorship form of government, the people are expected to do, whatever is decided for them by the dictator. China, Zimbabwe, Egypt and Cuba, among many others, follow dictatorship form of government. Now that we know what is dictatorship, let us try to understand what are the advantages of dictatorship. We will write a custom essay sample on Merits and Demerits of Dictatorship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stable Government As in a dictatorship, the decision making lies with only one person and others do not have any say in the working of the government, it offers a kind of stability to the country. Problems such as frequent elections, as in the case of democracy, or a disruption of peace due to political factions, do not arise in a dictatorship. Less Room for Corruption Another of the dictatorship advantages is that a dictator is very stringent with regards to the rules, regulations, penalties, punishments and rewards. This makes the people working under him less liable to corruption. Most Efficient During Emergencies When a country faces any kind of emergency situation such as a war or a health epidemic, a dictatorship government can prove to be the most efficient one. The reason being that all the decisions are taken by one person, so there is no ambiguity with regards to the plan of action as well as individual responsibilities that are fixed to cope with the emergency situation. So, one of the main advantages of dictatorship over democracy is that it is better equipped to face emergencies. Lesser Crime Rate Most of the dictatorship governments are police states. So, in a way there is low crime rate under such regimes. Another reason for a better law and order situation in these states is that various laws are passed immediately, without any discussion or waiting for the public opinion on them. This leads to better control over crimes too. Things Happen Quickly In a dictatorship form of government, all things, whether related to governance or businesses or anything else, happen much quicker than in other types of government. The reason for this is the same i. e. decision making lies with a single person. These are some of the advantages of dictatorship. Although, for these advantages to translate into real life, a dictator needs to be self less, benevolent, well experienced and intelligent. As a dictator has unlimited power, if he does not possess these qualities, the disadvantages of dictatorship, such as oppression of people, no freedom of choice for the people, accumulation of wealth in a few hands, loss of civil rights, flawed decision making, etc. an lead the country toward a wrong path. Looking at the stakes associated with a dictatorship form of government, many countries under such a regime are considering becoming democracies, which is a form of government for the people, of the people and by the people. Today, looking at the progress democracies such as America and India are making, democracy is considered the best form of governance.

Virtual Reality The Future Of Tomorrow Essays - Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality: The Future Of Tomorrow Virtual Reality: The Future of Tomorrow Although some doubt the potential of virtual reality, the reality is our technologically dependent culture is making virtual reality a part of everyday life. Popular in video games, virtual reality allows the user to totally control a computerized character. Every action the user makes is imitated by the character and instantly displayed for the user. However, since the early 90s, the use of virtual reality has developed and taken the spotlight past evolving video games. Virtual reality has already made its mark on fields such as aviation, medicine, and even meteorology. Where is this new technology heading in the future? According to the Millennium edition of the Wall Street Journal, even conservative forecasts suggest education, entertainment, the workplace and the boundaries of human expression will be greatly transformed by virtual reality (Cox 40). Increasingly advanced technology could put virtual reality in the drivers seat of countless industries. In recent years virtual reality has already been involved in several technological areas. Even those who have little knowledge about the production of virtual reality are most likely aware of its use in video games. However, many people may not be aware of the numerous other areas where it has been applied. For example, astronaut trainees have recently used virtual reality to simulate a trip to space. Medical students have substituted a carcass for a fiberglass mould of a body and a headset when training to perform surgery. A popular online chat is developing into a society of interactive, animated users. Introducing virtual reality to the real world has already proven to be beneficial for every industry it encounters. Welcome to the new world of virtual technology, the advantages have only begun. Virtual reality (VR), as defined by The Newbury House Dictionary of American English, is experiencing events that seem like real life by putting on special eye glasses, hearing devices ad gloves attached to a computer. With the help of these hardware devices, the VR users actions totally control of the computers resulting actions. This control sets virtual reality apart from previously developed technologies. Because of the amazingly fast processing speed of the computer, VR accepts the users every move and displays the differences in the virtual environment. When electronic media originated, people were not only amazed, but also already easily influenced and persuaded by the entertainment. For example, on Oct. 30, 1938, Orson Welless radio enactment of The War of the Worlds, had some people believing that a real alien invasion was occurring. In similarity, television and the movies of today have the ability to brainwash people immensely. Next came the computer generation with countless ways to drown people in the entertainment computers provide. Electronic games, along with the Internet, are probably the greatest contributors to keeping people indoors, and what some consider as lifeless. The greatest impersonator of the real world is virtual reality. Virtual reality can place the user anywhere doing anything imaginable. Want to take a mission to the moon? You can with virtual reality. Dont believe it? With virtual reality, people are already on their way up. Perhaps the only aspect of virtual reality that isnt on its way up is the price. Jaron Lanier is a computer scientist who established the term virtual reality in the early 1980s. According to the Wall Street Journal, Lanier expressed that: good virtual reality equipment remains very expensive and that the software tools required to create the virtual-reality environments remain crude and difficult to use. As with all types of information technology, the costs are dropping fast and the quality keeps improving. But for now, only a select few have experienced what will one day become a commonplace use of virtual reality. (Cox 40) Since the price of virtual reality continues to drop, perhaps the future will inhabit virtual reality in nearly every technological situation. Regardless, one thing is for sure: virtual reality is changing the way we see things. Those who view virtual reality as a benefit to our society, base their opinion on its success throughout numerous fields of study. However, the issue is not whether or not virtual reality works, but if it is truly beneficial. Not only could virtual reality become a

Essay on Applied Project Management part 3Essay Writing Service

Essay on Applied Project Management part 3Essay Writing Service Essay on Applied Project Management part 3 Essay on Applied Project Management part 3Essay on Applied Project Management    part 2Another requirement to the project is the cost efficiency. Funds invested in the project should bring return on investments. Otherwise, the project will be not worthy of investing and developing. The investment into the project should be efficient that allows the company introducing the project to maximize the effectiveness of funds used for the development of the project and its successful accomplishment.Furthermore, one of the main requirements of the project is the involvement of the popular sportsman, who will own the new company partially and promote the new sport nutrition at the same time. The involvement of the celebrity will also help to match another project requirement, the brand popularity and attractiveness for customers.Finally, the project needs the effective system of monitoring and control. In this regard, the implementation of the project will be controlled and monitored by th e control officer. For instance, the project may involve two owners of the new brand, the popular sportsman and the project manager. As the sportsman is responsible for the promotion of the new brand and communication with customers, the project manage may fulfill the function of control and monitoring. As a result, the project manager will be the control officer, who monitors the implementation of the project.The roles and responsibilities of peopleThe roles and responsibilities of people involved in the project will depend on their position and functions in the project. In this respect, it is possible to distinguish three major groups involved in the project: top managers, managers and employees. Top managers of the project include the project manager, who is responsible for the development and implementation of the project plan and project design. The project manager will manage the project and conduct the monitoring and control over the implementation of the project plan. Anothe r top manager involved in the project will be the popular sportsman, who will be responsible for the promotion of the new sport nutrition and public relations, including customer relationship management of the project.Managers will be responsible for their part of the project. The project will involve three managers heading three departments: human resource manager, production manager and sales manager. Human resource manager will be responsible for the recruitment of the personnel and personnel training. Production manager will be responsible for the production process as well as for the supply of resources required for the production of the new sport nutrition. The sales manager will be responsible for the distribution of the new sport nutrition and the delivery of the product to retail stores, specialized stores and to customers directly.In addition, there are customers, which are not involved in the production and supply of the new sport nutrition, but they play the determinant part in the overall success of the project. In fact, the customer behavior will determine, whether the project is successful or not.The benefits:While introducing the project, the company is trying to achieve a strong position in the local market of sport nutrition. In fact, the project intends to make a breakthrough into the local market with the new sport nutrition. The product will have to take its niche in the New York City’s market and outpace its major rivals, which are already present in the market and operate in New York.At the same time, the implementation of the project will show whether the new product is successful or not. In case of success, the project may be expanded and its scope will include the major large cities of the US from the Eastern coast to the Western one. In other words, the successful implementation of the project will open the way to the nationwide expansion of the new sport nutrition. On the contrary, if the project fails, the company will fold up the production of the sport nutrition and will not expand business any further. Instead, owners of the business will try to use the exit strategy with possibly smaller financial losses.Moreover, the implementation of the project has broader issues than the mere business opportunity or profits that can be gained from the project. In fact, the project has a considerable social role because the introduction of the sport nutrition of the high quality may help professional sportspersons as well as amateurs practicing sport intensively to improve their physical shape and protect their health because the proper nutrition is crucial for the preservation of good health in professional sportspersons, in particular. In a long-run perspective, the project can help to improve the public health minimizing the risk of health problems in professional sportspersons in the area, where the project is implemented.The value proposition for sponsorThe value proposition for the sponsor, i.e. the popula r sportsman, will include the 50% ownership in the company producing sport food. The sponsor should help to raise funds or invest his personal funds into the project and focus on the promotion of the new product and communication with the public and the target customer group, in particular. In such a way, the sponsor will have to invest into the project, help to raise funds and promote the project. On the other hand, the project manager and co-owner of the company will focus on the management of the project, internal business processes and operations and other issues related to the implementation of the project.Constraints and assumptionsConstraints of the project are related to the current lack of financial resources. The celebrity endorsement and engagement of the popular sportsman into the project can help to resolve the problem, to a significant extent. In addition, in case of the ongoing lack of funds, the celebrity endorsement may attract other investors, who may grow interest ed in the project, which otherwise would remain unnoticed.Another constraint of the project is the relatively limited scope of the project which focuses on New York as the target market alone. The focus on this market alone raises risks and limits business opportunities since the company puts all resources at stake on one market only, while the expansion of the project could expand business opportunities. For instance, if the project has failed in New York, it could have succeeded in Los Angeles or other potential markets, where the project could have also been implemented.The implementation strategy including Critical Success Factors (Targets, KPIs and Tolerances).The implementation strategy will rely on several key success factors, including the quality of products, promotion and reaching the target customer group. The quality of the new sport nutrition is crucial for the overall success of the project because the quality determines the safety of the new sport nutrition and contri butes to the growing popularity of the new product among the target customer group, which are sportspersons both professionals and amateurs. The quality of the product increases the tolerance of customers to the product that may contribute to the overall success of the project.Furthermore, the promotion of the new sport nutrition is another important factor essential for the success of the project. The promotion should reach the target customer group and increase their interest to the product. In this regard, the celebrity endorsement is the core promotional strategy that will be implemented in the course of the project.Reaching the target customer group is also important for the ultimate success of the project. The celebrity endorsement and the communication of the popular sportsman with the target customer group and public at large will help to reach success in this regard.Risks and treatmentThe development and implementation of the project involves several risks. First of all, th e project may raise the risk of the failure of the new sport nutrition to obtain FDA’s certification (Gitlow, 1997). In fact, such risk is relatively low since the modern technology allows developing safe sport nutrition of the high quality.Another risk is the possible failure of the celebrity endorsement strategy for the promotion of the new sport nutrition. For example, a scandal involving the popular sportsman sponsoring the project can make the celebrity endorsement ineffective or even harmful for the public image of the new brand. In this regard, the company may shift from the celebrity endorsement strategy to conventional ways of promotion, including advertisements online, placed on specialized sport websites, specialized print media and other methods.How phases can facilitate delivery of future phases (particularly design or constructability)The planning and design phase is the key to transit toward the practical implementation of the project since the planning and des ign identifies key resources and elaborates strategies with the help of which the project may be carried out successfully. Therefore, the planning and design phase will prepare the project to its practical implementation.Work Breakdown StructureThe project’s work breakdown structure includes the development of minor parts of the project. The general project is the introduction of the new sport nutrition in the market. Minor parts of the project include the technical development and introduction of the product, including tests to ensure health safety of the new sport nutrition (Chenhall, 2003). At the same time, the implementation of the project will involve the recruitment of the personnel and construction of the production facilities, where the new sport nutrition can be manufactured. Third, the project will need the development of the distribution network that means the identification of key distribution channels, such as retail stores, specialized stores, and direct sales. In addition, the project will need the development of the specific promotional campaign. The promotional campaign needs the specific strategy and the team or professionals responsible for its implementation.The impact of the project on stakeholdersThe project will have a considerable impact on stakeholders, especially owners of the new brand because they will put their money and reputation at stake. At the same time, managers and employees will also feel the impact of the project because they can obtain the new job and work in a potentially fast growing organization with wide opportunities of promotion, if the project proves to be successful in New York and the company expands its business nationwide.Essay on Applied Project Management    part  4

Assignment - Assistive Technology for Visual and Hearning Impairments

- Assistive Technology for Visual and Hearning Impairments - Assignment Example In addition, these devices are enabling students with such low-incidence disabilities thrive academically and contribute a great deal to their communities, despite any setbacks that they encounter. Teachers today are wise to learn about such devices and become an agent for helping students properly apply the technology to their daily personal and academic lives. What follows is a description and evaluation of several such devices that are currently available and in use today. It is estimated that 24 million Americans suffer from some degree of hearing loss. For students, this can be particularly troubling because, if proper modifications are not implemented, such individuals are placed at an academic disadvantage. It is important to use modern technology to assist students in leveling the ‘playing field’ as much as possible. According to research, students who are hearing impaired can exhibit a low self-esteem, lose interest in many learning activities, fail to participa te in social activities, and often have poor communication skills (DeConde-Johnson & Thibodeu, 2005). As such, looking incorporating assistive technology devices that help hearing impaired students perform better in school and become more sociable with their peers can only serve to benefit the entire academic community. While there are many such devices on the market today, three particularly stand out for their effectiveness, even in the face of certain inherent challenges that must be overcome. ASL software is a readily available program that can be used on either a PC Windows operating system, or on a Macintosh. This software allows students to learn advanced sign language skills in an interactive environment, thereby allowing them to communicate more opening and freely with their peers and other adults. In essence, the program promotes literacy skills for the hearing impaired student in much the same fashion as phonics does for the non-disabled individual. This assistive technol ogy device can be easily implemented into a traditional classroom setting. In addition, students can use the software independently at home or in other locations. The benefits are many, and the challenges minimal. One hurdle for the software is that the teacher will likely need to have some basic knowledge of sign language in order to assist the student in learning how to make full use of the program. That being said, such knowledge can only serve to strengthen the student/teacher relationship, which in the end should prove beneficial itself. ACL software requires only 3-4 hours of training time for the student learn how to make proper use of it, and the IT department at any school should be able to assist with its installation. Such devices and software can be used to enhance math skills, promote literacy and spelling, focus on the advancement of sign language, improve visual perception, and strengthen memory skills. From this evaluation, the software should be considered in any en vironment where there is a hearing impaired student. The cost is minimal, with most packages running only about $35. Another device designed to help hearing-impaired student is the speech synthesizer. Depending on the age of onset for the disability, many hearing impaired students cannot communicate verbally. They do not know how to make certain sounds and cannot hear what they are saying. A speech synthesizer enables the student to type out information that they wish to say and

Organisations in global environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisations in global environment - Essay Example External environment is made up of the outside institutions and forces that have a real or potential interest or effect on the ability of the organization to attain its objectives. These institutions include political, competitive, technological and legal (Kalmi & Klinedinst, 2006). The environmental factors have been divided by researchers as specific and general environment. The difference between the two is the level of directness of effects. The specific environment comprises of suppliers, customers, competitors, distributors, government and union. The general environment is composed of some forces like technological, economic, political, environmental, cultural and international. All the above mentioned forces can lead to uncertainty in an organization. They affect the complexities, richness and dynamism of an organization’s environment. The complexity of an environment is the complicated relationship between the forces that the organization can manage. The dynamism of an environment is the changing speed of forces that affect an organization. The environmental riches are the amount of resources that are in support of an organization. The three forces exist together, are mutual and their linking level build uncertainty for the organizations. The transformation into the 21st century is seen as a big change. The world is with no clear borders, where everything is almost prepared in anyplace. With the interference of the national boundaries, it is approximated that the world trade will increase by as much as 1600 percent in 40 years and speed of innovation and the increased level of goods are beyond any imagination. For instance, Sony launching three new products every hour and Disney is making a new product after every 5 minutes. Today there is a period of information or instant exchanges. With media exploration,

Wk 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wk 5 - Essay Example One’s own composite model for change management is as follows: (1) establish the need for change; (2) communicate the proposed change; (3) solicit participation and feedback from those to be affected by the change process; (4) develop the implementation plan; (5) monitor the change process through regular feedback; (6) incorporate significant inputs in the change process, as required; (7) institutionalize the change. These sequences of change were deemed essential because it initially provided the rationale or the need for change, which is seen as the crucial step in justifying change within the organization. Then, after communicating, the management team must enjoin participation of those to be affected by the change process to solicit inputs and minimize resistance. The rest of the steps would focus on the development of strategies for initiating and implementing change. Finally, monitoring and incorporating any significant changes within the outlined process must be include d before finally institutionalizing the change process within the organizational setting. The management skills that must be ingrained within the change management process are enforcing the functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling these various steps. The strongest skills require addressing resistance to change by enjoining the participation of people affected by the change process. The weakest would be failure to communicate the crucial information required. Through one’s experience of organizational change, the steps identified to be crucial and best handled was communicating the need for change by providing the rationale and justifying its urgency. Apparently, the change that was proposed did not solicit inputs from the personnel and therefore forms of resistance were eminent. The management team therefore had to

A Study on Research Methods And Approaches

A Study on Research Methods And Approaches This section describes the methods used in carrying out this research. Methodology is an overall approach to research process, from theoretical underpinning to the collection of data (Collis and Hussey, 2003). This section informs the reader of research design, whether it is explanatory, descriptive or he exploratory, and why a particular design is design is chosen. It informs the reader about the primary and secondary sources of data along with argument and rationalization (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005). Baker (2003) describes methodology as the critical evaluation of alternative research strategies and methods. Methodology is a combination of techniques used to enquire into specific situation (Easterby-Smith, et al. 2002). Methodology is the analysis of, and the rationale for, the particular method or methods used in a given study, and in that type of study in general (Jankowicz, 2000). 3.2 Research approaches The extent to which the theory is clear at the beginning of the research is important in the design of the research project. The researcher can use the deductive approach and/or the inductive approach (Saunders et.al, 2007). 3.2.1 Deductive approach In this approach, a theory and hypothesis is developed and a research strategy is designed to test the hypothesis. The theory allows examining the specific outcome of the inquiry, which will tend to confirm the theory or indicate modifications (Saunders et.al, 2007). 3.2.2 Inductive approach In this approach, first the data is collected and theory is developed from the result of the data analysed. The result of this analysis would be the formulation of a theory. This approach is concerned with the context in which the events are taking place. Therefore the study of a small sample of subjects might be more appropriate than a large number as with the deductive approach (Saunders et.al, 2007). According to Saunders et al. (2003), followers of the inductive approach would criticise the deductive approach because of its tendency to construct a methodology that is not flexible and that does not allow alternative explanations of what is going on. On the other hand, the deductive approach emphasises scientific principles, moving from theory to data, the need to explain underlying relationships between variables, collection of quantitative data, the application of controls to ensure validity of data, the working of concepts to ensure clarity of definition, a highly structured approach, researcher independence of what is being researched and the necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalise conclusions (Saunders et al., 2003). According to Saunders et al. (2003), the inductive approach also emphasises gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events, a close understanding of the research context, the collection of qualitative data, a more flexible structure that allows room for changes as the research progresses, a realisation that the researcher is part of the research process and less concern with the need to generalise. This approach to research also gives room for alternative theories to be put forth. According to Saunders et al. (2003), deductive research can be quicker to complete. However, time must be devoted to setting up the study prior to data collection and analysis. On the other hand, inductive research can be more prolonged. While the deductive approach to research can be a lower risk strategy, inductive research poses the risk that no useful data patterns and theory may emerge. According to Saunders et al. (2003), most managers are familiar with the deductive approach and are much more likely to put faith in the conclusions emerging from this approach. Having looked at both the research approaches individually and weighing them against each other, it is also useful to look at whether a combination of both these methods is possible. According to Fowler (2002), although most surveys use a single data collection method, it is not uncommon for a combination of methods to be used. This is further reiterated by Saunders et al. (2003) who say that these approaches can not only be mixed and matched, but it is also beneficial to do so. There are two major advantages of using multi-methods in the same study. Another advantage of using a combination of two methods is that it enables triangulation to take place. The advantage of using triangulation is that the weaknesses in each single method will be compensated by the counter-balancing strengths of another. The researcher has used the combination of two methods i.e. triangulation approach which was best suited for the undertaken study. 3.3 Research Design Research design is about organising research activity, including the collection of data, in ways that are most likely to achieve the research aim (Easterby-Smith, et al. 2002). Saunders, at al. (1997) suggests that a research design needs to consider the extent to which you should collect data from a research population. Vogt (1993) defines research design as the science of planning procedures for conducting studies so as to get the most valid findings. Research design is an overall plan for relating the conceptual research problem to relevant and practicable empirical research which provides a plan or a framework for data collection and its analysis (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005). Collin and Hussey (2003) argue that determining a research design would give a detailed plan, which will be used to guide and focus on research. Hair, et al. (2003) argues that a research design provides the basic direction for carrying out a project. For the purpose of this research a case study approach has been used i.e. the case study of SVR Institutions, Bangalore (SVR), an educational institution in India. Collin and Hussey (2003) define a case study as an extensive examination of a single instance of a phenomenon of interest and is an example of a phenomenological methodology. Case study is a research study, which focuses on understanding the dynamics present within single setting (Eisenhardt, 1989). Robson (2002) defines case study as the development of detailed, intensive knowledge about a single case or related number of cases. Case study method is used when thesis focuses on a set of issues in a single organisation, and when researcher wants to identify the factors involved in an in-depth study of the organisation (Jankowicz, 2000). The case study approach is suitable because the researcher looked into an educational organisation to ascertain whether this organisation benefits the economically weaker and deprived famili es in the community. 3.4 Adopting Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods Research method is that section of research report that describes the research methods used in conducting the research (Hair, et al. 2003). Research method is a systematic and orderly approach taken towards the collection and analysis of data so that information can be obtained from data (Jankowicz, 2000). Two main type SVR of approaches to research are qualitative and quantitative approaches. The quantitative approach is collecting and analysing of numerical data and applying statistical test, while quantitative approach is more subjective in nature and involves examining and reflecting on perceptions in order to gain an understanding of social and human activities (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Qualitative approach is the nature and content of what is said while quantitative approach determines the number of who said it (Jankowicz, 2000). Baker (2003) argued that quantitative methods are usually regarded as more robust, leading to actionable results and recommendations, whereas qualitative methods are seen as lacking in rigour, resulting in indecisive outcomes. Van Maanen (1983) defines qualitative techniques as an array of interpretative techniques which seek to describe, decode, translate and otherwise come to terms with the meaning, not the frequency, of certain more or less naturally occurring phenomena in the social world. Collis and Hussey (2003) argue that quantitative approach to data collection provides relative ease and speed with which research can be conducted. Ghuari and Granhaug (2005) describe qualitative method of data analysis as the interactive way where collected data are analysed initiating new question and further data collection. Qualitative research is thus common in social and behavioural sciences and among practitioners who want to understand human behaviour and functions. Since this research has to do with social sciences, it makes qualitative analysis relevant to the research. The rationale of using quantitative methods for this study was in order to obtain the opinion of the management, staff and students rather than seek only statistical data which can eliminate the human aspect and only seek to measure a predetermined variable (Black, 2003). The quantitative data analysis gives the research more direction and viable to readers by numeric interpretation of responses to the questionnaires given out, apart from this using quantitative method of analysing is rational. The quantitative data analysis has been used in the research by quantifying responses from the management, staff and students of the organisation via questionnaires. Rather than using large samples and following a rigid protocol to examine a limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analysing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The figures obtained by the researcher from the different questionnaires and the bar charts could be referred to as the quantitative element of this research while the subsequent analysis and explanation of ideas could be referred to as the qualitative element. 3.5 Questionnaires Questionnaire is a list of carefully structured questions, chosen after considerable testing, with a view to eliciting reliable responses from chosen sample. The aim of a questionnaire is to find out what a selected group of participants do, think or feel (Collin and Hussey, 2003). Questionnaires are used to collect data by asking the sample/participants to respond to exactly the same set of questions. Saunders, et al. (2003) identifies two basic type SVR of questionnaires as self-administered and interviewer administered. They further identified the following type SVR of self-administered questionnaire: Online Questionnaire, The Postal or Mail Questionnaire, Delivery and Collection Questionnaires, Telephone Questionnaires, Structured Interview Questionnaires. For the purpose of this research the self-administered questionnaire shall be used through the use of delivery and collection system. The questionnaire method will facilitate this research due to time constraint on the part of both the researcher and the respondents. To justify this, other methods used in collecting primary data are semi structured and in depth interviews. The questions in the questionnaire will be a combination of Yes/No questions, questions that will give the respondent an option to add comments/justification further to his/her answer. Open questions are also used to allow the respondents free to express his/her view, so that it helps in critical analysis. 3.6 Interviews Interviews are a method of collecting data in which selected participants are asked questions in order to find out what they think or feel. Interviews make it easier to gather the necessary information and opinions, maybe face to face, voice to voice or screen to screen; conducted with individuals or group of individuals (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). For the purpose of this research, conducting interviews, a qualitative method of data collection is used. According to Saunders et al. (2003) interviews are categorised as follows: Structured interviews Semi- structured interviews Unstructured interviews Structured interviews are based on a pre-determined set of questions that are asked by the interviewer in a particular order with no room for flexibility. There is no much room for interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee. A semi-structured interview also involves a pre-determined set of questions, but gives the interviewer scope to change the order of questions asked, query certain areas of interest based on the answers given. However, unstructured interviews are informal. This method of interviewing allows the interviewer to ask any questions without being bound to a pre-determined set of questions. It looks more like a casual chat which allows the interviewer to talk about the issues pertaining to the research (Saunders et al., 2003). The interviewer conducted semi-structured interviews, as it is more flexible and helpful in this research. 3.6.1 Interviews Procedure Prior to the interview, each respondent will be met personally to provide him or her with details about the topic, time and details about the topic. All the respondents were issued a consent form, which mentioned that participation will be voluntary, without coercion and they could withdraw from the study at any time. Interviews will be physically constructed in the organisation rooms, with prior permission. 3.7 Samples and Procedures Jankowicz (2000) describes sampling as a deliberate choice of a number of people, the sample who are to provide data from which you will draw conclusions about some larger group, the population whom this represents. Sample is a subset of a population, while population is a body or any collection of items under consideration (Collis and Hussey, 2003). Ghauri, et al. 1995 defines sampling as saving work, examining the sample instead of whole population. Sampling saves time; this is evident when you have tight deadlines. Occasionally, to save time, surveys collect data from the entire population but analyse only a sample of the data collected. For reasons of economy this procedure has sometimes been adopted for hard-to-code questions, such as occupation and industry, in the United Kingdom 1991 census. Data were collected from the total population for all questions but, for the hard-to-code questions, only 10 per cent were entered into the computer and subsequently analysed, although it should be noted that, for the 2001 census, advances in automated and computer assisted coding software meant all these were coded (Teague, 2000). Many researchers, for example Henry (1990), argue that using sampling makes possible a higher accuracy than a census. The smaller number of cases for which the data is collected means that more time can be spent designing and piloting the means of collecting these data. Collecting data from fewer cases also means that the collected information will be more detailed. For the purpose of this research, the sampling method has been used because it is practically impossible to reach the entire population due to time constraints on the part of the researcher. 3.8 Sampling Techniques Sampling techniques are a range of methods that enable the researcher to reduce the amount of data to be collected by considering only data from a subgroup rather than possible cases or element (Saunders, et al. 2003). Two types SVR of sampling techniques are identified as follows: Probability or Representative sampling Non-probability or Judgemental sampling (Saunders, et al. 2003). Probability sampling is the selection of elements based on random sample procedure that gives a known and non-zero chance of being selected, thereby minimizing selection. It involves taking large samples considered to be representative of target population from which they are drawn (Saunders, et al. 2003). In non-probability sampling, the probability of each case being selected from the total population is unknown. Non-probability sampling is more frequently used for case study research. In this sampling the researcher uses subjective methods such as personal experience, convenience, and expert judgement to select elements in the sample (Saunders, et al. 2003). For the purpose of this research a non-probability or judgmental sampling was used because samples were determined by the use of researchers judgement, experience and convenience. 3.9 Population for Study The population will compromise of all the employees of the SVR Institutions, Bangalore. 3.10 Sample Size Collis and Hussey (2003) assert that the question of appropriate number of subjects to include in a sample is complex and it is a question of deciding how accurate the researcher wants the result to be and how confident is the answer. For the purpose of this research, the total sample size is confined to 110 individuals. 3.11 Pilot Study Pilot study refers to so-called feasibility studies, which are small scale versions or trial runs, done in preparation for the major study (Polit et al. 2001: 467). A pilot study can also be the pre-testing or trying out of a particular research instrument (Baker 1994: 182-3). De Vaus (1993: 54) quotes Do not the risk, Pilot test first. The advantages of conducting the pilot study is that it will caution the researcher in advance where the research project could fail, whether the proposed methods or instruments are appropriate or too complicated. Pilot studies are conducted for the following reasons: To assess the feasibility of a (full-scale) study. It wasnt feasible to consider all the UK companies, hence the case study research. Designing a research protocol Use of case study approach, research questionnaires to sample views and opinions about the project topic, subjective selection of sample based on the researchers judgement, disregarding response questionnaires, which were incomplete. Assessing whether the research protocol is rational and feasible The case study approach, use of questionnaires and interviews are tried and proven methods, hence the researchers confidence in employing them. These research protocols were taken to ensure that project deadlines were achievable. Establishing whether the sampling frame is affective The chosen sampling frame was deemed to be effective because the researcher found the method successfully applied in similar research. Identifying logistical problems, which might occur using proposed methods Issuing of questionnaires to a very large sample size was a problem, hence an appropriate sized sample was chosen. Interviews with the sized sample were conducted to gain their views and opinions. Developing a research question and research plan The researcher developed his research questions based on his primary research on the project topic. Convincing other stakeholders that the main study is worth supporting The stakeholder was the researchers supervisor. Before embarking on the project, the researcher had to complete a proposal outlining the importance and benefits of researching the project topic. 3.12 Method of Data Analysis The data collected through responses in the questionnaires, were analysed and interpreted with the use of the Pie Chart: this is a data presentation which is use in analysing quantitative datas to show the proportion of occurrences of categories or values for one variable. (Saunders et al, 2003, p.340). The data collected through semi-structured interviews were analysed through the use of conceptualization, meanings expressed through words and classifying the results into categories. The above methods used indicate that validity and reliability of data will be ensured and problem of bias will be reduced (Collis and Hussey 2003). Both the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection will lead to actionable result. The case study approach has helped the researcher to be more focused and facilitate a meaningful result. 3.13 Ethical issues Another very important consideration during research is the ethical issues that may arise. Some of the data to be collected during research could be of highly sensitive nature and therefore may need a formal consent. Some other ethical issues could be privacy of the respondents, possible harm to participants, and possibility of deception involved (Diener and Crandall, 1978). These issues have been taken into consideration for the purpose of this research. The data was collected after a formal consent from SVR Institutions, Bangalore. A clear explanation of the purpose of the study was given to the management. All the respondents were explained the purpose of the study and were also given literature about the study and assured confidentiality and anonymity.

Shakespeares Hamlet - The Ghost Of Hamlet’s Father Essay -- GCSE Engl

The Ghost Of Hamlet’s Father      Ã‚   What would Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, be like without the character of the Ghost? The drama simple wouldn’t BE! The Ghost, though not a human character in most senses of the word, is crucial for the development of the play. This essay will analyze this interesting character.    Frank Kermode in â€Å"Hamlet† fits the Ghost into the local and national scene:    But meanwhile the ghost – â€Å"this thing† – has appeared. (Horatio as skeptic raises questions as to its status which could have been avoided.) There has been speculation as to its purpose, but one thing seems sure: it has to do with the state of the nation – it   â€Å"bodes some strange eruption to our state† – and with the armaments drive now in progress under the threat from Norway. That it genuinely has to do with the state of the nation – its spiritual rather than its merely political state – we shall learn; and to give us a â€Å"musical’ sense that this is so, there is the unexpected speech about Christmas. (1138)    The Ghost means more than a commentary on the spiritual and political state of the nation. Gunnar Boklund’s   â€Å"Judgment in Hamlet† introduces the Ghost in terms of the dilemma of the protagonist:      It is a commonplace to refer to Hamlet’s â€Å"dilemma† and a critical problem to explain in what this dilemma consists. A natural way to come to terms with the problem is obviously through the character that forces the dilemma upon Hamlet, that is to say, the Ghost. This is a particularly attractive approach, since it promises to bring the findings of modern research into Elizabethan demonology to bear directly upon the question of the nature of the Ghost and its message. It was apparently generally believed, a... .... San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html    Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Life History of Voc Essay

I am going to speak about the great Indian freedom fighter ‘Kappalottiya Tamilian’ V. O. Chidambaram Pillai. He popularly known by his initials V.O.C was one of the most prominent lawyers in 19th century British India. Chidambaram Pillai’s rebellious attitude and his courage to act against the British government, the English stripped the title of barrister associated with his name. It was his brave nature that won V.O.C the name ‘Kappalottiya Tamilian’ in Tamil Nadu, which translates to ‘The Tamil Helmsman’ in English. V.O.Chidambaram Pillai was born on 5 September 1872 in Ottapidaram, Tuticorin district of Tamil NaduState of India, the eldest son of lawyer Olaganathan Pillai and Paramayee Ammal. V. O. Chidambaram Pillai enrolled in schools in his native Ottapidaram and nearby Tirunelveli. V.O.C started working in the Ottapidaram district administrative office after the end of his school education. It was only a few years later that he enrolled in law school and completed law studies to become a lawyer like his father Olaganathan Pillai. V. O. Chidambaram Pillai entered into active politics in the year 1905 by becoming a member of the Indian National Congress. The Swadeshi movement in India was already at its hilt during this time and leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were trying their best to put an end to British Imperial coercion of trade. After joining the Indian National Congress, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai wholeheartedly immersed himself into Swadeshi work to secure independence for India. Part of his Swadeshi work was to put an end to the monopoly of British shipping in the coasts of Ceylon. Inspired by freedom fighter Ramakrishnananda, he set up the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company on November 12, 1906. V.O.C’s ships started regular services between Tuticorin and Colombo. His shipping company was not only a commercial venture, it was also the first comprehensive shipping service set up by an Indian in British India. V O Chidambaram Pillai was the author of a couple of novels; he translated several James Allen works in Tamil and made compilations of important Tamil works like the Thirukural and the Tolkappiam. V O Chidambaram Pillai spent such an impoverished lifestyle after he was released from prison that Justice Wallace who sentenced V O C to prison restored his bar license. But V O C was never successful in repaying his debts and lived in poverty till the end of his life on November 18, 1936. V O Chidambaram Pillai breathed his last at the Indian National Congress office in Tuticorin. Vallinayagam Olaganathan Chidambaram Pillai is remembered as one of the most important figures in India’s struggle for independence. He is much loved and celebrated in the Tamil Nadu society till today.

The End

The End In the world of film, it is important for a director to establish his/her own style. Peter Jackson has a style unmatchable by many other directors and this style shines through in his movie, Heavenly Creatures. In this film, Jackson uses one scene as a means of symbolic narration to successfully portray subconciously to audience members, the final outcome of the movie.The particular sequence chosen by Jackson foreshadows the outcome of the rest of the movie through the use of character styles, sound and setting as a means of symbolism.From the start, there is a physically noticeable difference between the two girls. They fit the classic roles of masculine and feminine, simply by their names (Paul and Juliet), alone. Paul is presented as dark and mysterious, whereas Juliet is seen as lively and bright. This sequence focuses on establishing these male and female roles to the extreme.Romanoff and Juliet (film)

Free Essays on The Hurricane

The purpose of this paper is to dissect the film, â€Å"The Hurricane†, and attempt to analyze it through the scope of crime and/or victimization, with hopes of applying various principles, theories, and paradigms associated with crime and/or victimization. First, I will have to give a brief synopsis of the two and a half hour film as to give an idea of the time frame that this film occupies because historical and biographical context are important if we want to look at the film in this particular light. The Hurricane is an emotionally charged drama, which takes a look at the life and wrongful incarceration of boxing legend Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter. The film starts by recalling Carters’ defeat of welter- weight champion of the world Emile Griffith, while the story simultaneously flashes to Carters’ incarceration. The next scene is of the crime in 1966 that Carter is wrongfully convicted of committing where three people are killed in a local bar. Consequently, Rubin Carter and John Artis are both tried and convicted of three counts of murder. The film then shows Carter writing his memoirs, which lead to release of his book â€Å"The Sixteenth Round†. Seven years later a teenager (Lersa Martin) from Brooklyn, New York and three Canadian liberal activists (Terry, Sam, and Lisa) who read Carters’ story are convinced of Carters innocence and are determined to help set Carter free. Eventually, in 1985 Rubin â€Å"Hurricane Carter is exonerated of the charges and set free. In the everyday terms we would normally say that Rubin Carter was just the victim of a crooked justice system but we must look at this with better eyes and extract more thorough meanings of crime and/or victimization. First, lets take a historical look at this films setting. The murders and Carters conviction and imprisonment took place in the turbulent times of the late sixties when blacks were fighting for their civil rights. With so much social unrest ... Free Essays on The Hurricane Free Essays on The Hurricane The purpose of this paper is to dissect the film, â€Å"The Hurricane†, and attempt to analyze it through the scope of crime and/or victimization, with hopes of applying various principles, theories, and paradigms associated with crime and/or victimization. First, I will have to give a brief synopsis of the two and a half hour film as to give an idea of the time frame that this film occupies because historical and biographical context are important if we want to look at the film in this particular light. The Hurricane is an emotionally charged drama, which takes a look at the life and wrongful incarceration of boxing legend Rubin â€Å"Hurricane† Carter. The film starts by recalling Carters’ defeat of welter- weight champion of the world Emile Griffith, while the story simultaneously flashes to Carters’ incarceration. The next scene is of the crime in 1966 that Carter is wrongfully convicted of committing where three people are killed in a local bar. Consequently, Rubin Carter and John Artis are both tried and convicted of three counts of murder. The film then shows Carter writing his memoirs, which lead to release of his book â€Å"The Sixteenth Round†. Seven years later a teenager (Lersa Martin) from Brooklyn, New York and three Canadian liberal activists (Terry, Sam, and Lisa) who read Carters’ story are convinced of Carters innocence and are determined to help set Carter free. Eventually, in 1985 Rubin â€Å"Hurricane Carter is exonerated of the charges and set free. In the everyday terms we would normally say that Rubin Carter was just the victim of a crooked justice system but we must look at this with better eyes and extract more thorough meanings of crime and/or victimization. First, lets take a historical look at this films setting. The murders and Carters conviction and imprisonment took place in the turbulent times of the late sixties when blacks were fighting for their civil rights. With so much social unrest ...

Terminator technology as an ethical issue in business Essay

Terminator technology as an ethical issue in business - Essay Example Therefore, the standards govern the relationship between people for a mutual benefit for all parties concerned. Terminator technologies are a form of organic patenting (Jeurissen and Rijst, 2007:20). Organic patenting is an issue of ethical concern in the world today. The idea of organic patenting has received conflicting discussion all over and has generated an emotional theme. The point of contention being whether it should be accepted or rejected. The subsequent discuss has further picked on the ethical concerns associated with this practice in regards to addressing the law of natural order. Organic patenting involves the law of giving the rights of an organism to a particular party, organisation or a person (Jeurissen and Rijst, 2007:27). The concept of terminator technology, therefore, as a form of organic patenting is a technology designed to genetically alter a plant’s capacity to germinate a second time. The motive behind this business idea is to force farmers to purch ase fresh supply of seeds. Thus, the terminator technology is a patent given to corporations to protect them from unscrupulous farmers. The control of seed technology prevents the growers from pirating based on the premise that if crops remain fertile farmers may use the transgenic seed from previous season. By farmers using these seeds, then they lower the profits of the companies owing to reduced sales. The ethical issue in this discussion is the traditional rights of the farmers, and the companies’ rights of patenting (Jeurissen and Rijst, 2007:20). Discussion This paper seeks to unveil the controversial theme of terminator technology in terms of the environmental disasters, and the effects of seeds patenting by companies on farmers. From the ethical point of view, this paper shall discuss those affected by this technology, those who bear the greatest responsibility, and the aspect of the situation that violates the rules of conduct, as to what constitutes good or bad (Jeu rissen and Rijst, 2007:35). Terminator technology is presently the greatest danger to humanity. If this technology is used in large scale in the world today, it poses a huge threat; it will entirely lead to the disaster of famine and starvation for humankind on a worldwide scale. Farmers who store seeds that they harvest, and plant them in the following season support more than half of the world population. This, therefore, means that seeds are planted and then harvested. In addition, the seeds are harvested and then replanted. Many farmers face the problem of buying seeds every season. Therefore, harvesting and replanting seeds becomes a significant aspect of the farming process. If terminator technology is the way to go, then farmers have to pay for seeds every other season. Apart from the danger of famine and starvation to huge populations terminator technology poses another disaster: It spells a significant contribution to the deterioration of health and the environment. This is probably to affect hundreds of scores around the world. The effects of terminator technology as a form of seed patenting to farmers are far reaching. Seed patenting on farmers causes a lot of concern because the wellbeing of a majority of the world populace may end up with food insecurity. In a country like India, poorer farmers have even committed suicide. This type of technology is also feared to force poor farmers to be more dependent. In addition, patent holders may manipulate the available supplies with intent to drive seeds’ market prices. This is likely to alter the resources available to the farmers and render them helpless. It is will also

Experience never be forgeten Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experience never be forgeten - Essay Example ollection of those events and how we challenged that situation has always been a thrilling experience for me and the story is often repeated by me to my inquisitive friends and relatives. We were a group of five friends and we made elaborate arrangements for the proposed camping adventure. A week before the date of departure for the camp, we busied ourselves in shopping and we collected tents and trappings and other equipment needed for the camping. We collected various items of food. The choices of each of one we were different and thus we had a good collection of food items. We had decided to stay overnight at the camping site which was all the more exciting. We started off early in the morning, and loaded our suitcases on the carrier of the car, and by 7.30 a.m. began heading for the destination. We had rented a car, and I had not thoroughly checked its condition, before agreeing to take it, and that was a serious mistake that I committed, especially when we were going on a long journey. The car began to tell its story and it seemed as if it is not happy with its noisy companions. We had covered a distance of about fifteen miles and at a lonely stretch and I had to bring the car to a screeching halt due to a flat tire and I had a difficult time in controlling it. None of us were experts in fixing the tire, but with great difficulty and hesitation we solved the problem. My only fear was what we should do, if another tire would go flat. After fixing the tire problem, we had tea and snacks in a roadside restaurant and then we moved further. I was driving slowly and after covering about 10 miles, I suddenly realized that I forgot my cellphone at the restaurant, and we had just crossed a bridge and the next exist was after 4 miles. We had to get back and I felt that the bridge was mocking at us, for we were using it for the third time in less than one hour. The GPS was also quite unfriendly and was constantly teasing us with â€Å"Keep Right† and â€Å"Keep Leftà ¢â‚¬ 

Financial Statements Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Statements Analysis - Research Paper Example Financial ratios enable to understand operating performance and financial condition of the company through profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, activity ratio, financial leverage ratio, and shareholders’ ratio. This assignment conducts a financial ratio analysis of two companies of Airline Industry; they are Lufthansa Airline (LH), and Emirates Airlines (EK). Financial ratios are evaluated using information from the income statement and balance sheet. These two documents are obtained from the websites (â€Å"Lufthansa Annual Report 2013†,n.d; â€Å"The Emirates Group Annual Report 2012-2013†). Financial ratios are evaluated for the years 2012, and 2013. Liquidity ratio measures short-term solvency – the ability of the company to meet its debt obligation. It is expressed through the financial ratios, such as Current ratio (CR) = Current assets / Current liabilities, and Quick ratio (QR) = (Cash + Marketable Securities + Receivables) / Current liabilities. It is expected that a company current assets will be higher than the current liability. The values of current ratios in Table 1 shows that Lufthansa can somehow cover its current obligation while Emirates has about 3 times current assets to cover its current liabilities. The quick ratio values show that LH is less liquid than EK; can only manage to repay less than 50% of its current liability using cash and cash equivalents. The industry average quick ratio is 0.4 (â€Å"Airline Industry†, n.d.); it shows that LH is on the line with the industry while EK is in a better position than most companies in the industry These ratios belong to the efficiency category; it shows how efficiently a company is using its assets. This assignment uses Inventory turnover (IT) = Cost of goods sold (COGS) / Inventory, Fixed asset turnover = Revenue / Fixed assets, Assets turnover = Revenue / Total asset, and Day’s sales outstanding (DSO) = 365 / Receivable turnover = 365 / (Revenue / Receivable) to

Truth in the Legality of Income Taxes Essay Example for Free

Truth in the Legality of Income Taxes Essay On April 15 Americans rush to a crowded parking lot, racing against a deadline to file their 1040. These well-intentioned, hard working, honorable Americans believe that they are duty bound and even bound by a law requiring them to pay an income tax on their labor. Also, there exists a populous with like-attributes who do not believe that they are bound by law nor is the payment of such taxes a duty but rather a disservice to the nation. This controversial issue first gained my interest about 1 year ago, when it was brought to my attention in a free speech tax debate. As a well seasoned tax professional of 4  ½ years, and my major concentration of studies being in accounting and taxation, I was compelled to find out the truth about the legality of income tax. After much research, I have not been able to find the law that requires the American people to pay such a tax on their labor nor have I been able to find a provision for such a tax in either the Internal Revenue Code or the United States Constitution. If there is such a law, requiring Americans to pay an income tax on their labor, the United States government should show the people that law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to understand the legality of taxes, we must first refer to both the constitutional provisions for taxes levied and the constitutional context of the terminology used in such provisions. â€Å"On every question of the construction of the Constitution, let us carry ourselves back to the time when the Constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be squeezed out of the text, or invented against it, conform to the probable one in which it was passed.† –Thomas Jefferson, Letter to William Johnson, Supreme Court Justice, 1823 While observing the taxation clauses of the United States Constitution, two types of tax can be determined, a direct tax and an indirect tax. Although, the term â€Å"indirect tax† does not actually appear in the Constitution, its meaning is implied here as â€Å"any tax that is not a direct tax.† A direct tax is a tax that cannot be avoided nor passed on, if it is owed. The Constitution specifically states for the case of a direct tax, that it must be apportioned among the several states according to their population. An example of a direct tax in which the government may levy, is tax on land due to ownership, simply because the land exists. Meaning that regardless of what the land is used for or who owns it, the tax is on the land and the owner of the land is liable for the tax due.   (Constitutional Income: Do You Have Any?) Meaning of Income Although there are sections that mention the term â€Å"income†, term itself is not properly defined in the Internal Revenue Code. There is not clear cut definition with regards to this term. In the Internal Revenue Code’s Section 61a, the term â€Å"income† is vaguely implied. An example of this would be income as defined by IRS agents as (not even) earnings â€Å"from whatever source derived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Supreme Court, however, has come up with a legal definition of income for the purposes of taxation. The Supreme Court    does not consider tax as something levied on a person’s earnings through his personal labor. Here are some cases to show an example. SO. PACIFIC v. LOWE, 238 F. 847 (U.S. Dist. Ct.   S.D. N.Y. [1917]; 247 U.S. 330 [1918]cite that   income as used in the statute should be given a meaning so as not to include everything that comes in. The true function of the words gains andprofits is to limit the meaning of the word income†. The case of Staples v. U.S., 21 F Supp 737 U.S. Dist. Ct. ED PA, 1937 likewise has a similar take on the term.   â€Å"Income within the meaning of the 16th Amendment and the Revenue Act, means gain and in such connection gain means profit proceeding from property severed from capital, however invested or employed, and coming in, received, or drawn by the taxpayer, for his separate use, benefit and disposal.   (Legal Minds Community) The Grace Commission Peter Grace and Jack Anderson formed the Grace Commission in 1982. This was a rejoinder to then President Reagan’s PRESIDENTS PRIVATE SECTOR SURVEY ON COST CONTROL.   The Grace Commission made recommendations that would save the taxpayers $424.4 billion over three years. The suggestions made did not compromise essential services or raising taxes. The Grace Commission also accurately predicted the accumulation of multi-trillion dollar government debt by 2000 if the government would do nothing to remedy the present situation.   (Truth in Taxation.US) Furthermore, the Grace Commission revealed that tax collection is not a hundred percent. Only one-third of the total collectibles is collected and the remaining two-thirds is either wasted or not collected. The total amount collected goes to the payment of federal debt. The payment of wage taxes supports global banking but does benefit neither Americans nor the government in any way. In short, the payment of wage taxes goes to nowhere near providing benefits to the American people.   (Truth in Taxation.US) The declaration of Independence defined labor as â€Å"property of the most sacred kind†.   Labor is among the unalienable rights. These include â€Å"the right of men to pursue their happiness, by which is meant, the right any lawful business or vocation, in any manner not inconsistent with the equal rights of others, which may increase their prosperity or develop their faculties, so as to give them their highest enjoyment†.   (Paul) That said collecting income taxes on an individual’s gains from his personal labor is illegal. Works Cited Constitutional Income: Do You Have Any? 2004. 25 October 2007 http://www.constitutionalincome.com/first_chapter.php. Legal Minds Community. The 16th explained. 17 January 1998. 25 October 2007 http://legalminds.lp.findlaw.com/list/fedtax-l/msg01860.html. Paul, Ron. Cases on Income. 2007. 25 October 2007 http://irwinschiff.homestead.com/CasesOnIncome.html. Truth in Taxation.US. Where Do Your Taxes Go? 2003. 25 October 2007 http://truthintaxation.us/?tax_inform=whereTaxesGo.

Programming for BIG Data Project

Programming for BIG Data Project Liliam Faraon Nowadays, the amount of data generated and stored without an operation has exceeded a data analysis capability without the use of automated analysis techniques. The exponential growth of data is greater than it has ever been seen, extracting useful information from all the data generated and transform it into understandable and usable information is the challenge. There is where data mining assumes an important role, plenty of tools are available for data mining tasks using artificial intelligence, algorithms, machine learning and many others. In the present work two datasets were analysed, one with R and the other one Python. All the analysis was based in the CRISP-DM basic concepts: Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation, Modelling, Evaluation and Deployment. The full methodology was not applied in the project, but understanding parts of its process was fundamental, the steps are pretty straight forward and give a very good idea of every stage that data mining has to go through and the feedback brought from every stage. The project scope is limited to identifying patterns in the data rather than predicting future, which could be examined as part of further study of the subject matter. The present Project was divided into two different parts: Part 1: R Dataset Analysis and Part 2: Python Dataset Analysis. It contains also a brief contextualization about the Big Data Context and the importance of data mining. We live in a time when the pursuit of knowledge is indispensable. Today, information assumes a growing importance, and a necessity for any sector of human activity, due to the many transformations we are witnessing. At every moment, we are facing new concepts and trends and we are amazed at how quickly they are occurring and affecting our lives, such as the technology that influences all sectors, social environments and touches every business and life on the planet. The article written by Bernard Marr, and published by Forbes last year brings some statistics that convince that big data really needs attention: More data has been created in the past two year than in the entire history of human race; By 2020 around 1.7 megabytes of new information will be generated every second for every human being on the planet. Every second we create new data, a good example: only on Google 40.000 searches and queries are generated every second, which makes the huge amount of 1.2 trillion searches a year. Facebook users send on average 31.25 million messages and view 2.77 million videos every minute. Only in 2015, 1 trillion photos were taken and billions of them were shared on line. In 2015, over 1.4 billion smart phones were shipped, all capable of collecting different sorts of data and by 2020 the world will have over 6.1 billion smartphone users globally. Within five years there will be over 50 billion smart connected devices worldwide, all developed to collect, analyse and share data. Retailers that leverage the full power of big data would be able to increase their operating by as much as 60%. Now, only less than 0.5% of data is analysed. All the Big Data generated, have some characteristics: Rapid increasing volume, variety, velocity and data storage and transfer, gathering and analysing it all became a huge challenge, but by using specific programs designed to analyse the information on algorithms based will overcome the challenges and the output can be used to enable the decision-making process. For the R Project, a very specific database was analysed: Tourists Visiting the South of Brazil, The information was obtained in the Government website, in the Tourism division. 1.1 Business Understanding Tourism is an important sector that has an impact on development of nation economy. For many countries, the tourism is the most important source of income and jobs generation. Brazil is the fifth biggest country in the world with 8,511,965 sq km of area and the nation is divided into 5 regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South Regions. The Best in Travel 2014, by Lonely Planet guide classified Brazil as the best tourist destination in 2014. According to the official Brazilian Tourism Website Around 6 million people visit the country every year, it is considered the main touristic market in South America and the second in Latin America. It is estimated that only around 17% of all tourists visiting Brazil go to the South region, composed by three States: Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Having in mind those numbers and the knowledge that the most visited places in Brazil do not include the South of the country a dataset was analysed to get some information and find out how many visitors have been there and where they were from. 1.2 Data Understanding Source data: http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/estat%C3%ADsticas-e-indicadores.html Format: csv, comma-separated Size: 3.46MB Number of rows: 73.392 Columns: 1 Continent 2 Country 3 State 4 Year 5 Month 6 Count The technologies used were Excel and R Studio. 1.3 Data Preparation The first downloaded version had 534.792 rows, it included the tourism information from all the 26 states and it was based on data from 1989 to 2015. It was a quite huge dataset that would not be convenient to extract useful outputs as Brazil had been through many economic and social changes in this period. Excel was used to exclude the information from other states as well as the years before 2005. As the dataset was all provided in Portuguese Language the code was used to facilitate visualization: The next step was looking at the data, for a better understanding, Dimensions, Names, Classes and Summaries codes were written: Results: Some table codes were written to count each combination of factor levels: Results: The code round was run to specify number of decimal places: Results: 1.4 Modelling A Linear Model was written to generate a better data visualization and analysis of variance:   Ã‚   Some graphs were generated to have a better understanding about how many tourists visiting each of the states: A Bar plot was generated for better visualisation: The same parameters were used to generate pie charts: Parana with 33,01% and Santa Catarina with 29,48% have a very similar number of visitors and Rio Grande do Sul is the most visited place with 37,51%. With a little bit of research the percentage can be understood, as Rio Grande do Sul is the larger of the three states, having more options for the visitors and Some of the biggest manufacturing industries factories in the country are located in that area. After visualizing where the tourists go it is important to know where they come from. For that reason, some graphs were also generated: Graphic: The same parameters were used to generate some other graphics: After analysing isolated information, a graph relating year and states was generated: It was also generated a graphic listing all countries that visited the South of Brazil in the period: A flowchart was designed to represent the algorithm workflow process: Preparing data for a plot: 1.5 Evaluation Compiling the dataset into graphics and tables facilitated data visualization and brought some very important evidence that can be used for many purposes, specially marketing reasons, on defining an action plan based on what can be done to bring more tourists to the south region. The graphs showing the percentages of tourists, were the ones that caught the attention, Europe had the larger number of visitors with 37,7%, followed by South America with 22%, Asia with 11,7%, Africa with 9,2%, Central America and Caribbean with 8,8%, North America with 5,5% and at last Oceania with 5,1%. Looking at these proportions a few questions were raised and research was necessary. Some important facts showed up: the dataset brings only the number of people travelling for leisure purposes, it does not count the amount of people on business, with could impact on the numbers, especially from North America, as many of them visit the country for business purposes and extend their stay on holidays. Another very important factor is that the information was collected in the first stop in the country, and all the three states in the South do not have a large airport, usually they arrive by connection flights coming from Sà £o Paulo or Rio de Janeiro, where the main international airports are situated. The last very important element that could impact on the number of visitors, is the fact that the south of Brazil does not have a tight control of their borders and many people arrive by land, usually driving from other countries in South America. As said before the tourism sector can be very explored and it can impact in the revenue generation. According to the International Congress Convention Association (ICCA) Brazil is the host of many international events in Latin America and the seventh in the world, so why not leverage on the information brought and attract all those events to the South of Brazil? The numbers in the dataset look a bit too similar for every year related to the count of people visiting the states, but anyway it provides very useful information. It is also very important to observe that Brazil is also accessed by boat and land, specially by tourists coming from Central and South America, as there is no border control some of the numbers might be slightly different. The project scope is limited to identifying patterns in the data rather than predicting future which could be examined as part of further study of the subject matter. 2.1 Business Understanding Every time a famous person passes away the media makes news; some deaths even take the elements of scandals, especially when there is the suspect of a suicide, people follow the reports all over the world. The year of 2016 seemed to be very sad for the famous people, with an unusual number of deaths observed. An article from the 22nd of April, 2016 on BBC News website reported that by April the number of celebrities deaths was double as the previous years, and even said: the number of significant deaths this year has been phenomenal. But comparing to the years before, is it true? Based on a dataset available on kaggle.com, that compiled information available on wikipedia.org, some questions were asked: Did more celebrities die in 2016 than in the last 5 years? Was suicide the most cause of deaths? What were the reasons for the deaths in 2016? Were the reasons different from the 5 years before? What would be the main causes of death for each age group? 2.2 Data Understanding Source data: https://www.kaggle.com/hugodarwood/celebrity-deaths Format: csv, comma-separated Size: 1.47 MB Number of rows: 14.880 Columns: 1 age 2 birth_year 3 cause_of_death 4 death_month 5 death_year 6 famous_for 7 name 8 nationality The technologies used were Excel and Python 3.6 2.3 Data Preparation The original downloaded version had 21.562 rows, with a quick look through the data, a few abnormalities were shown, a number of duplicated cells and rows was observed, also some birth_year did not correspond to real birth year, there were also some animals among humans (specially racehorses and dogs). Excel was used to exclude the duplicated data, to clear some odd information and to exclude the deaths from 2006 to 2010, as the project idea was analyse only the past five years. The first step was reading the table through pandas: Looking at the classes and missing values: As it is clear there are many missing values of cause of death. Looking at the most common causes of death: * It seems like many celebrities tend to die from cancer and heart failure. 2.4 Modelling A bar plot was generated for better visualization: The article from BBC was not entirely wrong, in 2016 more famous people died, compared to the 5 previous years. Looking for the answer for the second question, a bar plot about the suicide rates was generated, was suicide the main cause of deaths? It cannot be said that suicide was the main reason for the deaths. As seen on the previous graphic there is a percentage of celebrities that commit suicide, but comparing 2016 to the five previous years and comparing with natural deaths, a new bar plot was created: Compared to the previous years, 2016 did not seem as bad as the papers and social media claim, as the suicidal rate was only higher than 2014, in this way it cannot be affirmed that the main cause of celebrities deaths in 2016 was self-murder. Just for information a graphic was created to illustrate which is the month when more famous people tend to take their lives: As the bar plot displays September is the month showing a highest level of suicide, while June appears as the lowest. The figures generated from the data set brought a few information so far, proving that 2016 was a sad year for famous people, it also showed that suicide was not the main cause of death. To find out what the main reasons were a bar plot was created: Appears that cancer killed more famous people, at least in the year of 2016. Still comparing 2016 to the five years before an average number of deaths by cause was called, to investigate: The comparison shows that compared to the five years before more famous people died due to more Cancer and Traffic collision, all the other reasons seem to follow the same pattern. Just out of curiosity and to have a better understanding from the facts, the dataset was categorized into age groups: Some pie charts were created to illustrate the cause of death by age group: It is very important to bring to attention that in the child group there were only five rows and that is why the percentages are very high. It is very challenging trying to analyse the deaths related to the age group as there were many missing data specially when it comes to cause of death. As a matter of fact, as common sense, the older people get the age-related diseases appear more in the graphics. A flowchart was designed to represent the algorithm workflow process: In cause_of_death column = suicide 2.5 Evaluation Compiling the dataset into graphics and tables facilitated data visualization and brought some very important information about the celebrity death from 2011 to 2016. The missing values made the difference when trying to get deep information, especially when it comes to cause of death. It was pretty obvious from the data that 2011 the number of dead famous per year increased slightly, however not all the celebrities in the list would actually be considered as such by many people. It was cleared that the suicidal rates are not as high as the media claims and it is not the main cause of death and The increase in the number of news about famous peoples death can also be happening because more people have access to the internet, social media and seem to talk more about it. It is important to remember that the project scope was limited to identifying patterns in the data rather than predicting future. I could not say it was an easy task choosing and analysing two datasets. As I am not a student with any IT background some of my ideas as an outsider were completely mistaken, as I did not know how difficult it can be to write codes and get information from the datasets. It took me a while to understand the basics of how the Python an R work, and I consider I have done a good work. I can tell that I went through an incredible learning journey since I started the Data Analytics course at National College and I have learned a huge volume of new skills. To get the present project done I watched uncountable number of videos, I tried many different environments until I felt comfortable to start the project itself, it also took me a while to find the right dataset and the right questions, but after seeing the graphics and tables I realised I could really get through and do a good project. As our course dedicated more time to Python and have always reading about R as a very difficult data analytics tool I confess I was terrified about it, that is why I decided to start the R Project first, but I had a very good surprise, the program is easier to use than I thought, even with my very little knowledge. Working with a dataset that I am familiar with made it simpler as well, I have always worked in marketing environments and had the curiosity to know more about tourism in the South of Brazil, where I was raised. I consider I found out important information, that maybe could be very valuable for companies investing in services and tourism. For the Python project, I decided to work with the celebrity-deaths dataset just out of curiosity, as almost every single day during the year of 2016 I saw on twitter the #celebritydeaths2016. But after analysing the dataset I found out that there is only a slightly evidence that more famous people died during the year of 2016 it cannot be said that it was the worse year or predict anything for the future. I have also found out that suicide is not the main reason for their deaths as the social media reports. The idea of both projects was to identify and extract patterns in the data, which I believe has happened. References Big Data: 20 Mind-Boggling Facts Everyone Must Read. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2015/09/30/big-data-20-mind-boggling-facts-everyone-must-read/#56eaf8456c1d. [Accessed: 10 December 2016]. Business Dictionary. Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com. [Accessed: 09 December 2016]. Estatà ­sticas e Indicadores. Available at: http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html   [Accessed: 09 December 2016]. Lantz B., 2013, Machine Learning with R, Packt Publishing IBM, 2011, IBM SPSS Modeler CRISP-DM Guide, IBM Corporation. Available at: http://www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/~paulk/teaching/dmkdd/ass2/readings/methodology/CRISPWP-0800.pdf [Accessed: 11 December 2016]. Ministà ©rio do Turismo. Available at: http://www.turismo.gov.br/ [Accessed: 19 December 2016]. Skill: Data Analysis. Available at: https://15-5103.ca.uts.edu.au/skills/data-analysis/ [Accessed: 09 December 2016]. Why so many celebrities have died in 2016? Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36108133 [Accessed: 26 December 2016]. Source data: http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/estat%C3%ADsticas-e-indicadores.html Source data: https://www.kaggle.com/hugodarwood/celebrity-deaths